Cornea
What is the Cornea?
The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye. It is exceptionally strong and crystal clear, functioning as a powerful lens due to its curvature, which helps focus light directly onto the retina at the back of the eye. Any condition that disrupts the cornea's clarity or smooth curvature can significantly reduce vision. The cornea consists of three primary layers: the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium, each of which can be affected by specific diseases, as described below.
Corneal Diseases
Epithelial Disease: Recurrent Erosion
The epithelial layer of the cornea can become damaged due to scratches. Fortunately, this layer regenerates continuously and usually heals without leaving scars. However, in some cases, the epithelium heals inadequately and does not adhere properly to the underlying stroma. This can cause the layer to detach, often during the night or upon waking in the morning. Treatment typically involves the use of lubricating ointments, but surgical intervention may sometimes be necessary.
Stromal Disease: Keratoconus
Keratoconus occurs when the stroma weakens, causing the cornea to bulge forward into a cone shape. This deformation can result in significantly reduced vision. Treatment often involves the use of rigid contact lenses, though surgical options may be required in severe cases.
Endothelial Disease: Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
The endothelium, the innermost layer of the cornea, plays a critical role in maintaining its transparency. These cells are highly active but do not regenerate, and their numbers naturally decline with age. If the cell count falls below a critical level, the cornea can swell and become cloudy. In such cases, surgical treatment with a corneal transplant from a human donor is necessary to restore clarity.
Post-Corneal Transplantation
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